Report on Selection of Waste Processing Technology and Scientific Management of Landfills Collection of Solid Waste Data, Waste Processing Technologies and Scientific Management of Existing Dumping Grounds

Index
1.0 Introduction 1
1.0 Preamble 1
1.1 Project Deliverables 1

2.0 Project Background 3

3.0 Objective & Approach 5
3.1 Waste Characterization, Generation and Forecast 5
3.2 Current Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Composition 6
3.3 Municipal Solid Waste Composition 6
3.4 Municipal Waste Generation and Population Forecast 9

4.0 Identification of Municipal Solid Waste ProcessingTechnologies 10
4.1 Thermal Processing Technologies 11
4.1.1 Incineration 11
4.1.2 Pyrolysis 11
4.1.3 Gasification 12
4.1.4 Plasma Arc Gasification 12
4.2 Biological Processing Technologies 12
4.2.1 Composting 13
4.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion 13
4.2.3 Bioreactor Landfill 13
4.3 Physical Processing Technologies 14
4.3.1 Refused Derived Fuel 14
4.3.2 Mechanical Separation 14
4.3.3 Size Reduction 15

5.0 Screening of MSW Processing Technologies 16
5.1 Techonology Screening Criteria 16
5.2 Technology Screening Process 17
5.2.1 Technology Reliability Filter 17
5.2.2 Waste Suitability Filter 19
5.2.2.1. Wet Organic Matter 19
5.2.2.2. Dry Organic Matter 19
5.2.2.3. Recyclables 20
5.2.2.4. Moisture 20
5.2.2.5. Calorific Value 20
5.2.2.6. C/N Ratio 20
5.2.3 Environmental and Social Acceptability Filter 26
5.2.3.1 Environmental and Health Issues 26
5.2.3.2 Bioreactor Landfill 26
5.2.3.3 Composting 26
5.2.3.4 Anaerobic Digestion 26
5.2.3.5 Refused Derived Fuel 27
5.2.3.6 Incineration 27
5.2.3.7 Plasma Arc Gasification 28
5.3 Regulations Affecting MSW Processing Technology Implementation 28

5.4 Regulatory Framework for Municipal Solid Waste Projects 28
5.5 Statutory Requirements Affecting Establishing and Operating MSW Processing Facilities 29
5.5.1 Establishing and Operating Composting Facility 29
5.5.2 Establishing and Operating and RDF Facility 29
5.5.3 Establishing and Operating Waste to Energy Facility 29
5.6 Social Issues 30
5.7 Recommended Technologies for Processing of MSW in Mumbai 32
5.8 Waste Processing and Recycling Options for Construction and Demolition Waste in Mumbai 32

6.0 Commercial Feasibility of Selected Technologies 33

7.0. Waste Management Strategy for Mumbai 36
7.1 Preamble 36
7.2 Short Term Waste Management Measures (Year 0 to Year 2) 37
7.2.1 Creation of Space for Future Operations at Existing Disposal Sites 38
7.2.2 Immediate Measures for Improving Site Management to Minimize Environmental Impacts 40
7.3 Medium Term Waste Management Measures (Year 3 to Year 10) 40
7.3.1 Identification of Waste Processing Mix for Mumbai 41
7.3.2 Optimization of Landfill Space 43
7.3.3 Allocation of Area for Emergency Operations 43
7.3.4 Construction of Pilot Plants for Promising Technologies 43
7.4 Long Term Waste Management Measures (Year 11 to Year 25) 44
7.5 Management of C&D Waste 44
7.6 Improvement in Segregation at Source and Waste Collection 46
7.7 Implementation Schedule 46
7.8 Overall Benefits to MCGM on Project Implementation 47

8.0 Plan for Closure of Gorai Dumping Ground 49
8.1 Situation Analysis 49
8.2 Environmental Conditions 50
8.3 Feasible Life of Gorai Disposal Site 50
8.4 Closure Plan for Gorai Disposal Site 51
8.4.1 Reformation of Slopes 51
8.4.2 Sheet Piling 54
8.4.3 Surface Cover 55
8.4.4 Landfill Gas Collection and Venting 57
8.4.5 Leachate Collection Duct 57
8.4.6 Surface Water Drain 59
8.4.7 Landscape 59
8.4.8 Construction of Boundary Wall 59
8.5 Timeline 62

9.0 Plan for Scientific Management for Deonar Dumping Ground 64
9.1 Situation Analysis 64
9.2 Environmental Conditions 65
9.3 Management Strategy 65
9.4 Partial Closure 66
9.4.1 Leveling, Relocation of Waste and Reformation of Slopes 68
9.4.2 Surface Cover: 70
9.4.3 Landfill Gas Collection and Venting 72
9.4.4 Leachate Collection and Treatment System 72
9.4.5 Surface Water Drain 74
9.4.6 Landscape 74
9.5 Improvement of Site Condition of the Reclaimed Area 75
9.5.1 Construction of Bund 75
9.5.2 Construction of Boundary Wall 76
9.6 Creating New MSW Processing and Landfill Facilities 78
9.7 Time Schedule 79

10.0 Plan for Scientific Management for Mulund Dumping Ground 81
10.1 Situation Analysis 81
10.2 Environmental Conditions 82
10.3 Management Strategy 82
10.4 Partial Closure 83
10.4.1 Leveling, Relocation of Waste and Reformation of Slopes 84
10.4.2 Surface 87
10.4.3 Landfill Gas Collection and Venting 89
10.4.4 Leachate Collection and Treatment System 89
10.4.5 Surface Water Drain 89
10.4.6 Landscape 89
10.5 Improvement of Site Conditions for Scientific Management of MSW in the Future 91
10.5.1 Construction of Bund 91
10.5.2 Construction of Boundary Wall 93
10.5.3 Creating new MSW processing facilities 93
10.6 Time Schedule 94

11.0 MSW Processing and Disposal Plan for Kanjur Village Site 96
11.1 Situation Analysis 96
11.2 Management Strategy 98
11.2.1 Strengthening of Peripheral Bund and Construction of Approach Road 98
11.2.2 Drainage Mechanism for Rain Water 103
11.2.3 Delineation of Areas for Mangroves Conservation and Compensatory Plantation 103
11.2.4 Space Allocation for MSW Processing units 103
11.2.5 Design of Windrow Composting Units 104
11.2.6 Sanitary Landfill for Inert Waste and Residues from Processing Units 105
11.2.7 Leachate Collection and Treatment System 106
11.2.8 Leachate Evaporation Pond 107
11.3 Time Schedule 109
11.3.1 Closing the breeches in the existing bund 109
11.3.2 Closing of culverts along the temporary bunds 109
11.3.3 Construction of peripheral bund around mangrove area 109
11.3.4 Stacking of C & D debris for construction activities 110
11.3.5 Construction of bund along the eastern boundary of Kanjur Village site 110

12.0 Implementation and Financing of Projects 112
12.1 Implementation Strategy 112
12.2 Bidding Strategy 112
12.3 Monitoring Mechanism 114
12.4 Performance Standards 114
12.4.1 Civil works for Gorai 114
12.4.2 Performance standards for composting units 115
12.4.3 Performance standards for landfill operations 116
12.5 Investment Requirement 116
12.6 Funding Sources 117
12.7 Financing Plan 118
12.8 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 119
12.9 Verified Emission Reductions (VERs) 120
12.10 Appropriation of CDM Benefits 120
12.11 Composting 121
12.12 Implementation and Financial Plan for Gorai 122
12.13 Implementation and Financial Plan for Mulund 123
12.14 Implementation and Financial Plan for Deonar 126
12.15 Implementation and Financial Plan for Kanjur Village 129
12.16 Next Steps 131 

Annexures